European civilization in history is today's Western civilization， is one of the main civilizations in the world today。

澳门正版新莆京游戏In the past， People are accustomed to treating European civilization with classical worlds， Think that the West began in ancient Greece and Rome，“ Middle Ages” It is the era of sleep、 Dark Age， until the Renaissance， Classical rationality can be recovered。 Dested， European civilization creation in the Middle Ages， Is a secondary civilization， It adopts class澳门正版新莆京游戏ic、 Israel's、 Christian、 Some elements of the Germanic， But there is essential differences with it。 A variety of civilized elements melted in one furnace， Long-term painful running-in， To the mid-century， Basic breeding of the core of the Western civilization。 It can be said， Western civilization is a product of multiple civilization interaction， Not native civilization。

澳门正版新莆京游戏Each civilization has its own fundamental fundamental， European civilization is like other civilizations of human beings， Civilized kernel height stable， Similar to embryo， The author calls civilization“ yuan rules”。 Once shaped， Its prescribed specified is to cross time and space， Deeply restricting social direction。 The external expression form is changed 澳门正版新莆京游戏with time and space transformation， Sometimes it looks like evenly， However, if you look closely, you will find that each civilization retains unique original features。 So， Confirm the time dimension of the formation of European civilization， Actually it is a screening、 The process of identifying the essential characteristics of this civilization， Is the prerequisit澳门正版新莆京游戏e for the study of European civilization。

It is believed that Europe continues ancient Greek and Roman civilization clothing， Although I have passed through thousands of years of ignorance“ Middle Ages”， still cannot stop the return of classical glory， The originator of the discourse system is Western“ Humanist”。 Humanists in the Renaissance borrowed the trend， Unexpectedly, 澳门正版新莆京游戏it is mixed with Western civilization with classical civilization， As Russell said， They are just trying to suppress the prestige of the church with the prestige of classical people。 But， With the exploration of Westerners' exploration of the external world、 Interpretation is constantly deepening， The cognition of its own civilization also changes， Gradually 澳门正版新莆京游戏realize that Western civilization is different from classical civilization， It has its own growth trajectory， It's already19 Century。 The words of Renaissance have a high profile for hundreds of years， great misleading to the West itself and the global academic community， It is also difficult to be spared in the Chinese historic community。20 Century30 Times， Chinese scholar Mr. Lei Haiz澳门正版新莆京游戏ong captured the relevant information， Once a lonely voice： Osi Culture from AD5 Century brewing starts until today， Yes“ Appearance of Hiro internal quality new emerging culture”。 Unfortunately， This view rarely arouses people's attention。

When does the European civilization began

Active in19 In the middle of the century, Kizo（François Pierre Guillaume 澳门正版新莆京游戏Guizot)， Early representatives of challenging traditional views。 Kizo is a famous French historian and politician， He clearly distinguishes European civilization and classical civilization， Corresponding analysis。 Kizo found that European civilization has“ Unique appearance”， Different from classical civilization， Also different from other civilizations in 澳门正版新莆京游戏the world。 He thinks， There is an obvious single nature in most ancient civilizations， For example, in ancient Greece， The single nature of the social principles leads to a rapid and amazing development。“ But after this amazing take-off， Greece seems to be exhausted suddenly。” Egypt and India are the same。 Europe exists diversity， Various forces are in a state of cont澳门正版新莆京游戏inuous struggle， Bring development opportunities for Europe。 Hegel et al., About the same age， Also expressed similar perspectives。 Hegel divides the world into three civilizations， Asia's（ Oriental）、 Ancient Greek Rome and the Germanic， The latter obviously refers to Western civilization starting in the Middle Ages。

Historical cognition that distinguished western civilization 澳门正版新莆京游戏and classical civilization， The earliest scholars who introduced the field of career history， Dangsins and Tangyinbi。 Where is there， He believes that there are eight types of civilizations in the history of the world， Where“ Classical civilization” and“ Western civilization” All are unique、 Equivalence、 Self-standard， There are their own life cycles。“ West澳门正版新莆京游戏ern civilization is the youngest civilization。” This point of view is also reflected in Tangyin's《 History research》 Middle， Tang Yinby pointed out， Ancient Greek Roman civilization has undoubtedly finished， replaced by two successors， One is Western civilization， The other is Byzantine Civilization。

20 After the middle of the century， Western civilization sta澳门正版新莆京游戏rts from the Middle Ages' views to get more recognition。 A batch of historical textbooks rewrite history， or systematically restore the historical appearance of early European civilization。 The world-renowned French historian Brostele《 History of civilization》 is one of the masterpieces。 The book thinks， European civilization develops formed in5—13 Century。 澳门正版新莆京游戏Feudalism（Feudalism） Created Europe。11 Century and12 Century， Under the rule of the feudal dynasty， Europe reached its first adolescence、 The first dynamic stage。 This feudal rule is a special and very original politics、 Social and economic order， Belly on a civilization that has been based on the second or third fermentation。 American historian Charlie· Tex澳门正版新莆京游戏tbook edited by Holyst， Repeated reprints over the years， Become a general textbook for hundreds of universities in the United States。 The opening title of the textbook is“ The birth of Europe，500—1000 Years”。 The author thinks， European civilization is with ancient Greek Roman civilization“ Relations”， However, it is“ Very different” civilization。 Harvard Professor Harol澳门正版新莆京游戏o· Berman（Harold J. Berman） Point out， People are used to seeing the western world and the classical world as a one-pulled civilization.： As a historical culture and a civilization, the West is not only different from the East， And different from Israel、 Ancient Greek and ancient Rome and other civilizations。 They are different qualitative civilizations。

Contemporary scholar Huntingto澳门正版新莆京游戏n clearly pointed out， With the collapse of the Roman Empire， Classical civilization“ No longer exist”， Like the Mesopotic civilization、 Ancient Egyptian civilization、 Crete civilization、 Byzantine Civilization、 Central America Civilization、 Andns civilization and other civilizations will no longer exist。 He thinks， Western civilization is formed in8 Century 澳门正版新莆京游戏and9 Century secondary civilization。

European civilization is created by the Western European ethnic groups

Ancient Greek Roman civilization and European civilization are different individuals， However, it does not matter that they are not related， The problem is that people ignore the subjectivity of people， underestimated the contribution of the Middle Ages， underestimated the c澳门正版新莆京游戏ontribution of the Germans， confuses the difference between the quality between the two civilizations。 The fact is， Western civilization is created by Western European ethnic groups in the Middle Ages， They absorb and transform different civilizations and different elements in different periods.， to create a unique、 Civilization with distinct personality。

澳门正版新莆京游戏Berman pointed out， Ilasmo is an important representative of the Renaissance， The University of Polona is the source of the Roman French rejuvenation， However, Ilasmo is not the ancient Greek， Roman jurists at the University of Polona are not ancient Romans， That is to say， The West is not a Roman but created by Western European ethnic groups。 Dested， Roman civilizati澳门正版新莆京游戏on has replaced the barbaric civilization before its imperial demise。 Highly developed、 The extremely delicate Roman legal system is very different from the Germanic folklore law， Before the death of the Roman Empire， Roman civilization has been by the Gothic in the west、 Frankie、 Saxon people and other Germans' primitive tribe civilizations replaced。 The au澳门正版新莆京游戏thor thinks， With the main body of civilization， A series of major events promoted by Western European barbarians， All are the impossible to happen in the classical era： The establishment of the European feudal system with contract factors， Get“ Separation of Politics and Education” The Pope Revolution， The establishment of the parliamentary system of the re澳门正版新莆京游戏presentative system， and“ Third Level” The rise of the rise, etc.， All have epoch-making significance。 Dested， There are completely different traditional Germans， After entering the ruins of the Roman Empire into the main Europe， European's political fate is always transferred to the Host of the Germans。

The classical world is outstanding。 Athens undoubtedly creat澳门正版新莆京游戏ed the precedent of most people's owners， But you should also see clearly， Athens Democracy has the tendency to use the widow， There is obvious identity mark。 Deepen the Middle Ages and Classical Civilization， I will find that the two have very different temperament in many aspects， Regardless of people's psychology of the country and power， Attitude to super natural forces， Still social 澳门正版新莆京游戏organization method, etc.， Both eyes are all。 Speaking of which， There is no individual independence in the classical era， No trajectory of personal rights growth， Individuals in the city-state， Finally merged into the empire system。 So Mein（Henry Sumner Maine） Say，“ Ancient Law” Almost completely unknown“ Personal”， It is not concerned about person澳门正版新莆京游戏al but family， Not a separate person but a group。

12 Roman Dharma revival appeared in the century， It's just to provide some European law“ Concept” and“ Paradigm”， The latter has changed the temperament after transformation， Instead of Roman Dharma Fuxing， Maybe to be reconstructed， It is considered“ The same standards have very different meanings”。 Church jurists are keen to i澳门正版新莆京游戏nterpret the basic element of valuable Roman law， On the surface, they are constantly analyzing and verifying the Roman law， In fact, in fact, constantly entering the social consensus at that time， Express a new opinion。 Original Roman Dharma“ Rights” The concept is versatile and confused， And limited to the field of private law， Middle Ages jurists“ Rights” Reintermination and re澳门正版新莆京游戏construction of concepts， Gradually show the concept of natural rights， Forms a systematic right to discourse and its context， Provides basic elements for the construction of the European civilization framework， It is called“ Semantics Revolution”（semantic revolution）。 Obviously a certain connection in European civilization and classical civilization， However, 澳门正版新莆京游戏it is not an orderly inheritance process， Instead, there is a selection process， They are different qualitative civilizations。

Classical civilization reached a considerable height in ancient times， But in the end it is still the same as other civilizations， Failure to get rid of the destination of the strong dynasty and the empire。 Classical civilization is relative， But after all, 澳门正版新莆京游戏it is not European civilization。

Europeans identity and European civilization space dimension

According to the famous Austrian historian Friedrich· Hill Research，“ Europe” The word is first seen in the late period of the Roman Empire， At first it was only used to indicate a difference。 Roman historian Kasushis is in199 Observed in the year， In the army of the Ro澳门正版新莆京游戏man Emperor，“24450-24457‘ Europa people’24463-24467‘ Syrian’ significant differences”。 Even until5 early century，《 Augustus History》 Alternate use in the book“ Europa people” and“ Eroba army” These two words。 At that time，“ Europa” meaning， refers to the solid political structure of the army and the society where the army and these people are located， relati澳门正版新莆京游戏ve to“ Syria” The state of the spokes of national characteristics and the uncertain state。 This is“ Europe” The earliest document record that can be found in the word。

With the invasion of barbarians， A series of barbarians kingdoms appeared in succession， Frank is the main representative of the barbarian kingdom。 The Gallon dynasty started to use it officially“ Europe” This 澳门正版新莆京游戏concept。 Brlo Eya thinks，751 The Garlolin dynasty established by the Franchise Kingdom of Frank was the first“ Europe”， Label as“ Europa， The rule of the Gallon dynasty”（Europa，vel regnum Caroli）。 The famous ruler of the Gallon dynasty Charlie， It was praised by later court poets as“ Father of Europe”（pater Europae）。 Europeans gradually have a unified identi澳门正版新莆京游戏ty consciousness， is1000 Things after the year。 With the promotion of Christian dissemination and feudal system，“ A aggregation in European civilization and culture。”“ Moral、 The value of religion and culture， and war、 Love、 Code for life and death， It is exactly the same in various places， From one picking to the other to another， No matter what kind of disputes appeared there、 Rebellio澳门正版新莆京游戏n and conflict， There is no difference…… A real single Christian nation and Christian world appeared。”

Later，“ Europe” The concept also once surfaced。 But， until the beginning of the Renaissance， The word still rarely appears in the pen of humanists。“ Europe” The word enters all languages ​​in Europe and appears more frequently， is15—16 Century things。

Spatial dimension on Western c澳门正版新莆京游戏ivilization， There is also a complex side。 Western Europe is undoubtedly the core area of ​​European civilization， Geography and culture are overlapping， Southern Europe、 China Europe and Nordic are also general。 But， Some Eastern European countries and Russia， Although in Europe, it is not considered a European country in this sense。 Western European individual areas i澳门正版新莆京游戏s the same， Such as Spain by Muslim rule8 century， During this period, the Muslim rulers of Spain never consider themselves to be Europeans， The outside world does not think they are Europeans。 In this sense， The so-called Europe， Basically in the cultural sense, Europe， It has become more obvious since modern times。“ Big Navigation” Later， Countries established overseas in Europe， 澳门正版新莆京游戏As the United States、 Canada、 Australia and New Zealand are still considered Western countries， Even if you stay away from Europe。

This article is published in《 Journal of Chinese Social Sciences》2024 Years1 month3 Day No. 16 Edition， Transfer from《 Journal of Chinese Social Sciences》 WeChat public account。